This is a glossary of financial terms – the main page showing all terms from A to Z.
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A
Aggregate Greeks = Total Greeks for an option strategy or portfolio of options.
American Exercise = See American option.
American Option = Option which can be exercised at any time up to and including at expiration. One of option styles.
Arbitrage = Trading strategy that tries to profit from mispricing of two or more related securities by buying the undervalued ones and selling the overvalued ones.
Asian Option = Exotic option whose payoff depends on average underlying price over a certain period.
Ask Price = Also asking price or offer price. The best price at which a trader can immediately buy a certain quantity (ask size).
Ask Size = Quantity that a trader can immediately buy (that someone else is willing to sell) at a given ask price.
Asset Class = Group of assets with similar characteristics, particularly in terms of risk, return, liquidity, and regulations. Three basic asset classes are equities (stocks), fixed income (bonds) and cash, but there are more.
Assigned (an Option Exercise) = See option assignment.
Assignment = See option assignment.
At the Money (ATM) = One of the states of option moneyness. An option is at the money when underlying price equals its strike price. In practice, the strike closest to the current underlying price is considered at the money, even when its strike is not exactly equal (for instance, when underlying price is 20.65 and available strikes are 15, 17.5, 20, 22.5, 25, the 20 strike is considered at the money).
ATM Option = See At the Money (ATM) Options.
Automatic Exercise = Also exercise by exception. Exercising an expiring in-the-money option on behalf of its holder without the holder having to do anything.
B
Barrier Option = Path-dependent exotic option which starts or ceases to exist when a specific event (barrier event) occurs (usually when underlying price reaches a certain level).
Basis Point = Unit often used in finance for interest rates and other small percentages. One basis point (or 1 bp) equals 1/100 of a percent = 0.01% = 0.0001. 25 basis points (or 25 bps) = 0.25%.
Bell Curve = Popular name for the shape of normal distribution.
Bid Price = Also bidding price. The best price at which a trader can immediately sell a certain quantity (bid size).
Bid Size = Quantity that a trader can immediately sell (that someone else is willing to buy) at a given bid price.
Bid-Ask Spread = Difference between bid and ask price.
Binary Option = Option that pays a fixed amount if it expires in the money, or zero if it expires out of the money.
Binomial Model = A model that calculates option prices by splitting time to expiration into a number of steps and simulating price moves with binomial trees. For example, Cox-Ross-Rubinstein Model.
Black Swan = Event that is extremely unlikely, unpredictable, and has very high impact.
Black-Scholes = The best known option pricing model developed by Fisher Black and Myron Scholes in 1973 and extended by Robert Merton in the same year (it is also known as Black-Scholes-Merton model). See Black-Scholes model formulas, history, how to calculate Black-Scholes option prices and Greeks in Excel, and Black-Scholes Calculator.
C
Call Option = Option that represents a right (but not obligation) to buy the underlying asset for a specific price (strike price) before or at a specific time (option expiration). One of two option types; the other is put option (right to sell).
CBOE Volatility Index = Official name of the VIX index.
Charm = Also delta decay or DdeltaDtime. Second order Greek which measures sensitivity of option price to small changes in underlying price and passage of time, sensitivity of theta to small changes in underlying price, or sensitivity of delta to passage of time.
Color = Also gamma decay or DgammaDtime. Third order Greek which measures sensitivity of gamma to passage of time (small changes in time to expiration).
Commodity Option = Option whose underlying asset is a commodity (either physical commodity or a commodity futures contract).
Contract Size = Quantity of underlying asset (for instance, number of shares if underlying is a stock) represented by one derivative (options or futures) contract.
Cox-Ross-Rubinstein (CRR) = The first and best known binomial option pricing model, formalized by John C. Cox, Stephen Ross, and Mark Rubinstein in 1979. See Cox-Ross-Rubinstein Model Formulas, Binomial Option Pricing Excel Tutorial and Binomial Option Pricing Calculator.
Cubes = Nickname for the QQQ (NASDAQ 100) ETF.
Currency Option = Also FX option or forex option. Option whose underlying security is a currency.
D
Day Trading = Trading where positions are opened and closed on the same day and not held overnight. See also swing trading (positions typically held for several days) and position trading (positions held even longer).
Delta = Measure of sensitivity of option price to small changes in underlying price. One of the Greeks. Sometimes also used as proxy for the probability of expiring in the money.
Derivative = Also derivative security or derivative instrument. Security which is derived from some other asset (its underlying asset). Examples of derivatives include futures, forwards, swaps, options, or warrants.
E
Emerging Markets = Countries which can be attractive for potential investments, but lack some standards of developed markets (for example, liquidity, political risk, macroeconomic stability).
Equities = One of traditional asset classes. Fancy name for stocks, or generally assets which represent share in company ownership.
Equity (in a Trading Account) = Account balance in a margin account, which equals the value of all securities held minus any margin loans.
Equity Option = Option whose underlying is an equity security (stock). ETF options are also considered equity options.
ETF Option = Option whose underlying is an exchange-traded fund (ETF). Some ETF options, like the SPY, QQQ, or EEM options, are among the most heavily traded.
ETN Option = Option whose underlying is an exchange-traded note (ETN). For example, options on the VXX ETN (iPath Series VIX Short-Term Futures ETN).
European Exercise = See European option.
European Option = Option which can be exercised only at expiration. One of option styles.
Exchange-Traded Option = Option which is traded on a regulated exchange, as opposed to over-the-counter (OTC).
Exercise = See option exercise.
Exercise by Exception = See automatic exercise.
Exercise Price = See strike price.
Exotic Option = Option with unusual characteristics other than traditional vanilla options, in terms of underlying, expiration, strike price, conditions of exercise, or payoff.
Expiration = Also expiry or maturity. The moment when an option becomes void and ceases to exist. The moment when the right to buy or sell (which the option represents) ceases to apply.
Expiration Date = The date of an option's expiration. One of main parameters defining an option contract.
Expiry = See expiration.
Extrinsic Value = See time value.
F
First Order Greeks = Subgroup of option Greeks. Includes the Greeks which are first derivatives of option price: delta, theta, vega, rho. Excludes gamma, which is a second order Greek, and other higher order Greeks. See Option Greeks Tutorial and how to calculate Greeks in Excel.
Fixed Income = One of traditional asset classes. Includes securities which represent debt, such as government and corporate bonds, notes, and other instruments derived from them.
FOMC = Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC), part of the Federal Reserve System (US central bank), deciding US monetary policy. Option implied volatility often surges prior to FOMC interest rate announcements, which sometimes cause big market moves.
Forex Option = See currency option.
Forward Contract = Derivative contract whose buyer and seller agree to exchange the underlying asset for an agreed price (forward price or rate) at a specific time in the future. Unlike futures contracts, forwards are not standardized and trade over the counter (OTC) rather than at regulated exchanges.
Forward Exchange Rate = Rate applying to currency exchange agreed at present but settled at an agreed time in the future.
Forward Price = In a forward contract, a price which is agreed now, but settled at a certain time in the future. In forex, it is forward exchange rate.
Future Volatility = Volatility in an asset's price that will be realized in a future period. Unlike historical volatility, future volatility is unknown, although various methods exist to forecast it.
Futures = Derivative contract whose buyer and seller agree to exchange the underlying asset for an agreed price (futures price) at a specific time in the future.
Futures Exchange = Regulated exchange (marketplace) where futures are traded.
Futures Option = Option whose underlying security is a futures contract.
Futures Price = Price of a futures contract, as opposed to spot price.
FX Option = See currency option.
G
Gamma = Measure of sensitivity of option delta to small changes in underlying price. One of second order Greeks.
Greeks = Measures of sensitivity of option price to changes in factors such as underlying price (delta, gamma), time (theta), volatility (vega), or interest rates (rho). See Option Greeks Tutorial and how to calculate Greeks in Excel.
H
Higher Order Greeks = Second and third order Greeks.
Historical Volatility = Also realized volatility, or HV. Statistic measuring volatility of an asset's price in a past period (as opposed to future volatility, which is forward looking, and implied volatility, which is the volatility implied in option prices). See explanation of HV calculation, how to calculate HV in Excel, and Historical Volatility Calculator.
Holder = The owner of a security. The trader who is long.
I
IB = IB usually means either investment bank or Interactive Brokers (one of the largest brokers).
Implied Volatility (IV) = Expected future volatility in an asset's price that is implied in the prices of options on that asset. Typically (but not always), options are more expensive when the market expects volatility to be greater in the future. Various option pricing models provide ways to calculate or estimate this expected volatility from current option prices. See how to calculate implied volatility in Excel and Implied Volatility Calculator.
In the Money (ITM) = One of the states of option moneyness. In the money options are options which have positive intrinsic value. A call option is in the money when underlying price is above its strike. A put is in the money when underlying price is below its strike.
Index Option = Option whose underlying is an index. Examples: SPX (S&P500) index options, VIX index options.
ITM Option = See In the Money (ITM) Options.
IV = See implied volatility.
J
Jarrow-Rudd = A binomial option pricing model developed by Robert A. Jarrow and Andrew Rudd in 1983. It is also known as the equal-probability binomial model, as it sets the probability of up and down moves at each step to 50%. See Jarrow-Rudd Model Formulas, Binomial Option Pricing Excel Tutorial and Binomial Option Pricing Calculator.
K
Kappa = Alternative name for vega (sensitivity of option price to small changes in volatility).
Kurtosis = Statistic measuring probability or relative frequency of extreme values in a distribution. In finance, higher kurtosis indicates that extreme moves (to either side) are more likely, justifying higher prices of out-of-the-money options.
L
LEAPS = Long Term Equity Anticipation Securities. Options with time to expiration longer than one year (typically there are January expirations for 2-3 years ahead). Originally introduced on stocks, but now also available for some other underlyings.
Leisen-Reimer = A binomial option pricing model developed by Dietmar P. J. Leisen and Matthias Reimer in 1996. See Leisen-Reimer Model Formulas, Binomial Option Pricing Excel Tutorial and Binomial Option Pricing Calculator.
Lot Size = See contract size.
M
Maturity = See expiration.
Mid Price = The midpoint between (average of) bid and ask price.
Moneyness = Relationship between an option's strike price and underlying price. Three basic states of moneyness are in the money (ITM), at the money (ATM), out of the money (OTM).
Monte Carlo = Statistical method used to estimate probability of outcomes or price assets, typically when high degree of uncertainty and nature of variables make the problem too complex to model with simpler methods.
Multiple-Listed Option = Option contract listed and traded on more than one exchange.
N
Naked = Also uncovered. Short option position that is not hedged with an offsetting long position in a similar option or underlying.
NDX = NASDAQ 100 index symbol.
Near the Money Option = Option whose strike price is very close to underlying price (the option is close to being at the money). See also moneyness.
Non-Normal = Statistical distribution (for example, distribution of returns) other than normal distribution.
Normal Distribution = Statistical distribution which is symmetric around the mean. Defined by mean and standard deviation only. Often used in financial models, although most assets have return distributions which deviate from normal to some extent.
O
Option = Derivative security that gives its holder a right, but not obligation to buy (call option) or sell (put option) the underlying asset at a specific price (strike price) before or at a specific time (expiration).
Option Assignment = The other side of option exercise. When option holder exercises the option, option writer is assigned – receives an assignment notice and is obligated to take the other side of the exercise transaction – sell the underlying at strike price if short a call, or buy the underlying if short a put.
Option Chain = Also option table or option matrix. A listing of all options on the same underlying available for trading.
Option Class = All option contracts on the same underlying and of the same type (call or put). For example, AAPL calls (all expirations and strikes) are an option class, AAPL puts are another option class, and IBM calls are yet another option class.
Option Contract = One unit of an option. Each option contract has precise contract specifications, which define its exact conditions, such as the underlying asset, quantity of the underlying, expiration, strike price, or exercise style.
Option Exercise = The process when option holder uses (exercises) his right and buys (call option exercise) or sells (put option exercise) the underlying asset at the option's strike price. The other side of this transaction is taken by option writer and is known as assignment.
Option Payoff = The amount a trader receives from an option position at expriration. See Option Payoff Excel Tutorial and Option Strategy Payoff Calculator.
Option Pricing Model = Mathematical model to calculate option prices and Greeks from inputs such as underlying price, option strike price, time to expiration, volatility, interest rate, and underlying asset yield.
Option Series = All option contracts with the same underlying, type (call or put), expiration, and strike price. For example, AAPL June 250 calls.
Option Spread = Option strategy that involves both long and short positions in options of the same type (calls or puts) on the same underlying asset.
Option Style = Classification of options based on conditions of exercise. Two most common styles are American and European options.
Option Type = Classification of options as either calls or puts.
Optionable (Stock) = Stock with options on it available for trading. Not all stocks are optionable, but typically all of the most popular ones are.
Options Exchange = Regulated market where standardized option contracts are traded. Like a stock exchange, but for options. Examples of option exchanges are CBOE (Chicago Board Options Exchange) or ISE (International Securities Exchange) in the US, Eurex in Europe, or Osaka Exchange in Japan.
OTC Option = Option which is traded over the counter (outside a regulated exchange).
OTM Option = See Out of the Money (OTM) Options.
Out of the Money (OTM) = One of the states of option moneyness. A call option is out of the money when underlying price is below its strike price. A put is out of the money when underlying price is above its strike. Out of the money options have no intrinsic value.
Over-the-Counter (OTC) = A financial instrument is traded "over-the-counter" (OTC) when buyer and seller deal directly, outside a regulated exchange. For instance, most trading in currencies and bonds (and options on them) takes place over-the-counter, while stocks and futures typically trade at exchanges.
P
Path-Dependent Option = Exotic option whose payoff depends not only on the underlying price level, but also on the path price took to get there during the life of the option.
Pattern Day Trader = Regulation defined in FINRA Rule 4210, which requires those day trading US stocks or options to maintain account balance of at least $25,000.
Payoff = See option payoff.
Payoff Diagram = Chart showing the effect of underlying price (X-axis) on the payoff (profit or loss, Y-axis) of an option or option strategy at expiration. See Option Payoff Excel Tutorial and Option Strategy Payoff Calculator.
Physical Option = Option whose underlying is a physical asset (such as a commodity), as opposed to options on stocks, indices, or futures.
Pinning (to Strike) = The tendency of underlying price to approach (a high open interest) option strike price at expiration.
Position Size = The quantity a trader is holding (e.g. number of shares or contracts).
Position Trading = Trading where positions are held for an extended period: at least overnight, but often for several weeks, months, or longer.
Put Option = Option that represents a right (but not obligation) to sell the underlying asset for a specific price (strike price) before or at a specific time (option expiration). One of two option types; the other is call option (right to buy).
Put-Call Parity = Relationship between prices of European call and put options with the same strike, expiration, and underlying, based on the no-arbitrage principle. C + PV(K) = P + S. See detailed explanation of put-call parity formula.
Q
Quantity = Size of a position or trade. Units depend on instrument: typically number of shares (for stocks) or contracts (for futures, options).
R
R/R = See risk/reward ratio.
Rho = One of the Greeks which measures sensitivity of option price to small changes in interest rate.
Risk / Reward Ratio = Also reward-to-risk ratio or R/R. Ratio of maximum possible profit and maximum possible loss (risk) of a trading strategy or position.
S
Second Order Greeks = Subgroup of option Greeks. Measures of sensitivity of first order Greeks to small changes of factors like underlying price, time, volatility, or interest rate. Includes gamma, vomma, vanna, charm, veta, and vera.
Series = See option series.
Short Vega = A strategy or position with negative vega (benefits from decline in volatility). See also short volatility.
Short Volatility = A strategy or position designed to profit from a decrease in volatility. For example, short straddle, short strangle, iron butterfly, or iron condor are short volatility strategies.
Sigma = Symbol for standard deviation or volatility.
Skewness = Statistic measuring symmetry of a distribution. Positive skewness indicates that extremely high values are relatively more common (right tail is fat), negative skewness the opposite.
Slippage = Small losses from executing trades at prices worse than the mid price (buying at ask, selling at bid).
Speed = Also DgammaDspot. Third order Greek which measures sensitivity of gamma to small changes in underlying price.
Spiders = Nickname for the SPY (S&P 500) ETF.
Spot Exchange Rate = Rate applying to currency exchange with immediate settlement (in practice it means the cash changes hands usually within 1-3 business days).
Spot Price = Price applying to purchase or sale of an asset with immediate (spot) settlement. This is in contrast to forward price or futures price, which applies to settlement at a certain time in the future.
Stock Option = Option whose underlying asset is a stock.
Strike Interval = Differential between option strike prices. For example, strike interval can be $2.50 and available strikes $35, $37.50, $40, $42.50, $45.
Strike Price = Also exercise price or strike. Price at which option holder buys (if call) or sells (if put) the underlying asset when execising the option.
Style = See option style.
Swap = Derivative whose buyer and seller agree to exchange assets, payments or cashflows, for a certain period of time. The most common types are interest rate swaps and currency swaps, but generally any asset or cashflow can be a swap underlying. Most swaps are traded over the counter (OTC) between big institutions.
Swaption = Option on a swap. It gives its holder a right, but not obligation, to enter the underlying swap contract.
Swing Trading = Trading where positions are held overnight (unlike day trading), but for only a few days (unlike position trading).
T
Theta = One of the Greeks which measures time decay, or the sensitivity of option price to passage of time (small changes in time to expiration).
Third Order Greeks = Subgroup of option Greeks. Measures of sensitivity of second order Greeks to small changes of factors like underlying price, time, volatility, or interest rate (mathematically third derivatives of option price). Third order Greeks include speed, zomma, color, and ultima.
Time Decay = Erosion of option time value with passage of time (as the option gets closer to expiration). Measured by the option Greek theta.
Time Value = Also extrinsic value, premium value, or time premium. One of two components of option price. The portion of option price that exceeds intrinsic value. Most options have positive time value and lose it over time as expiration approaches. This process is known as time decay.
U
Ultima = Also DvommaDvol. Third order Greek which measures sensitivity of vomma to small changes in volatility.
Underlying Asset / Security = Also just the underlying or underlying instrument. The asset a derivative (like an option or futures contract) is based on.
Underlying Price = Market price of the underlying security.
V
Vanilla Option = Traditional (American or European) option, as opposed to exotic option.
Vanna = Also DvegaDspot or DdeltaDvol. Second order Greek which measures sensitivity of option price to small changes in underlying price and volatility, sensitivity of vega to small changes in underlying price, or sensitivity of delta to small changes in volatility.
Vega = Also kappa. One of the Greeks which measures sensitivity of option price to small changes in volatility.
Vera = Also rhova. Second order Greek which measures sensitivity of option price to small changes in volatility and interest rates, sensitivity of rho to small changes in volatility, or sensitivity of vega to small changes in interest rates.
Veta = Also vega decay or DvegaDtime. Second order Greek which measures sensitivity of option price to small changes in volatility and passage of time, sensitivity of vega to passage of time, or sensitivity of theta to small changes in volatility.
VIX = Symbol for CBOE Volatility Index. The best known volatility index, which measures the level of volatility that the options market expects over the next 30 days for the S&P500 stock index. Popularly often referred to as the "fear index", as it often increases when stock market falls.
Volatility Index = Index that measures expected volatility of an asset (such as a stock index, individual stock or ETF) that is implied in prices of options on that asset. Best know volatility index is the VIX (CBOE Volatility Index), whose underlying asset is the S&P500 stock index, but there are many other volatility indices on other underlying assets.
Vomma = Also vega convexity, volga, or DvegaDvol. Second order Greek which measures sensitivity of vega to small changes in volatility.
W
Warrant = Derivative similar to an option. Main difference is that when exercised, the counterparty is the warrant issuer.
X
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Y
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Z
Zomma = Also DgammaDvol. Third order Greek which measures sensitivity of gamma to small changes in volatility.